This book provides a systematic review of the literature and a comprehensive evaluation of the health hazards of transport-related air pollution. The review addresses: factors determining emissions, the contribution of traffic to pollution levels, human exposure and the results of epidemiological and toxicological studies to identify and measure the health effects. This book is designed for two main audiences: policy-makers and experts in transport-related air pollution and public health. Accordingly, it offers both summary information for the former and full discussion, primarily for the latter. A separate summary for policy-makers is also available. For both groups, this book identifies the key facts emerging from the accumulated evidence, and uses them to suggest both topics for further research and well-justified short-term action to protect health. It can help both groups play their part in making and implementing transport policies in the European Region that maximize the benefits to health.